How do social roles and the environment affect behavior, attitudes and beliefs Essay

Rumative Coping Strategies essays

Rumative Coping Strategies papers The diary survey I decided to do was Early juvenile sexual orientation contrasts in the utilization of ruminative and diverting adapting methodologies by Patricia C. Broderick. Her theory was that rumination is showed to a more prominent degree by young ladies than by young men preceding the beginning of puberty. The free factor in this investigation is the fourth and fifth grade young men and young ladies, which means their real sexual orientation is the autonomous variable. The reliant variable is the overview of two vignette situations for three unique classes, being school, family, and companion gatherings, totaling six situations. The example was four gatherings of fourth and fifth graders each gathering comprised of an alternate school. Research has demonstrated that ladies experience more burdensome temperaments than men. This burdensome states of mind and clutters can be experienced from immaturity right to adulthood. The most well-known ages for sadness to show up are somewhere in the range of thirteen and eighteen. The explanation behind this test is to explain why gloom happens during pre-adulthood since it isn't comprehended what might make this occur. Anyway it is realized that early occasions in a people life can prompt sadness sometime in the future. The review or test that was given tried for the distinctive adapting methodologies utilized by these young people. The two primary techniques searched for during this test were Rumination and Distraction. Rumination is, as per the archive composed by Broderick, a steady, enthusiastic centered adapting style considered as an example of practices and contemplations that center the people consideration around their passionate state and repress any activities that may divert the person from their temperament. Broderick characterizes interruption as, practices or contemplations that take the people mind off the issue and reduce the effect of adverse state of mind on data preparing and memory. The review was given to the example of kids as... <!

How to Reduce Stress With Breathing Exercises

How to Reduce Stress With Breathing Exercises Meditation Print How to Reduce Stress With Breathing Exercises By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 05, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 15, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living bgfoto/ Getty Images Breathing exercises offer an extremely simple, effective, and convenient way to relieve stress and reverse your stress response, reducing the negative effects of chronic stress. There are definite benefits of breathing exercises. While simple diaphragmic breathing can provide relaxation and stress relief, there are several different types of breathing exercises to try, each with its own twist. Here are several breathing exercises, some of which are commonly recommended, some of which are unique, and all of which can each offer help in managing stress. This is an easy exercise that only takes a few minutes. Heres how. Mindful Diaphragmic Breathing Get into a comfortable position, close your eyes, and start to notice your breath. Before you begin to alter it, pay attention to the pace and depth. Are you taking deep breaths or shallow ones? Are you breathing quickly or slowly? (Becoming aware of your breathing can help you to become more mindful of your bodys response to stress, and can help you to notice when you need to deliberately relax your breathing.) Quick and Simple 5-Minute Meditation for Stress Relief Counted Breathing Counting your breaths can be helpful, both for pacing and as a form of meditation. This technique helps with pacingâ€"it enables you to elongate your breath and stretch out your exhales. There are a few ways to do this. As you inhale, place your tongue on the roof of your mouth right behind your teeth,  then breathe through your nose and slowly count down from five; on the exhale, let the air escape through your mouth and count back up to eight. Then repeat. This helps you to really empty your lungs and relax into each breath.A variation of this is known as 4-7-8 breathing, and is recommended by wellness expert Dr. Andrew Weil. With this option, you inhale for a count of four, wait for a count of seven, and exhale for a count of eight. This allows you to pause between breaths and really slow things down. Set Your Own Pace Experiment with whatever ratio feels comfortable to you, and see if it helps you to feel relaxed. The act of counting as you breathe still helps you to maintain a steady pace and keep your mind on your breath and the present moment, so it is still more effective than simply breathing regularly and unconsciously. Visualization Breathing: Inflating the Balloon Get into a comfortable position, close your eyes, and begin breathing in through your nose and out through your mouth. As you inhale, imagine that your abdomen is inflating with air like a balloon. As you exhale, imagine that the air is escaping the balloon slowly. Remember, you do not have to force the air out; it simply escapes on its own, in its own time. You may want to imagine the balloon as your favorite color, or that you are floating higher in the sky with each breath if this is relaxing for you. Regardless, the inflating balloon visualization can help you to breathe deeply from your diaphragm rather than engaging in shallow breathing that can come from stress. Visualization Breathing: Releasing Your Stress Get into a comfortable position, close your eyes, and start diaphragmic breathing. As you inhale, imagine that all the stress in your body is coming from your extremities and into your chest. Then, as you exhale, imagine that the stress is leaving your body through your breath and dissipating right in front of you. Slowly, deliberately repeat the process. After several breaths, you should feel your stress begin to subside. How to Use Guided Imagery for Relaxing in 5 Simple Steps Deep, Cleansing Breath Sometimes all you need to release stress from your shoulders, back, or the rest of your body is a few big, cleansing breaths. Breathe in deeply through your nose, and take in as much air as you comfortably can. Then release it, and really focus on emptying your lungs. (Many people hold air in their lungs after an exhale, so emptying your lungs on a deep exhale can help you to get more fresh oxygen into them.) Repeat this breathing exercise for a few breaths and release the tension in your back, your shoulders, and anywhere else it tends to reside. Alternate Nostril Breathing This breathing exercise variation has been practiced for thousands of years as a form of meditative breathing. As you inhale, place your finger over your right nostril and only breathe through your left. On the exhale, switch nostrils and only breathe through your right. You can breathe at whatever pace is comfortable for you, either a 5-8 ratio, a 4-7-8 ratio or whatever pace feels most relaxing for you (see counted breathing, above). Explore More Options There are numerous other ways to practice breathing exercises, but these are some of the most popular and effective. Here are a few more options to tryâ€"scroll to the bottom of the page and follow the links. Experiment and see which work best for you! Try more breathing exercises!

Decolonization and Influence of the Cold War Essay

Decolonization and the Influence of the Cold War The decades following World War II were all centered on the concept of decolonization, the dismantlement of Imperial empires established prior to World War I throughout Africa and Asia. Due to the aftermath of World War II, countries around the world experienced massive independent movements whose objective was to eliminate colonization and form new independent nations. The process of decolonization was separated by three different approaches: civil war, negotiated independence through foreign pressure, and violent incomplete decolonization. China, for example, had its internal struggles with Nationalistic and Communist parties conflicting that caused a civil war between the two†¦show more content†¦The East, represented by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies, advocated the destruction of capitalism and the establishment of Communism throughout the world. Opposing them were the United States and its North American Trea ty Organization (NATO) allies that attempted to contain Communist expansion efforts, defending its actions through the Truman Doctrine and the Domino Theory. The Domino theory stated that if one nation fell to Communism, the neighboring nations would be affected and falls to Communism, eventually resulting in the inevitable spread of Communism throughout the world. One of the first nations that the United States and Soviet Union sought to establish control was in Korea. After 1949, when Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong proclaimed the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, the spread of communism began to target the country of Korea. Following the end of World War II, Korea was divided along the 38th parallel into â€Å"Soviet† North Korean and â€Å"American† South Korea occupation zones. Heavily armed with artillery and tanks, North Korean troops crossed and invaded South Korea on June 25th, 1950. Abiding to the containment of the Domino theory, U nited States immediately responded to the unprovoked attack. Under the leadership of the supreme commander of the United Nations coalition forces, General Douglas MacArthur, the South Korean forces managed to push back theShow MoreRelatedThe Conflict Between Ussr And Usa During The Cold War1178 Words   |  5 PagesThe decolonization is a process in which colonies becomes independent of the colonizing country. This process can be as violent as peaceful and most of the revolutions emerging from decolonization were lead by a strong nationalism (Collins English Dictionary, 2007). After World War II, most of the European countries did not have enough economic and political stability to sustain to the different revolts taking place in their colonies and to help them to improve social and economic developments. ButRead MoreThe Relationship Between the Communist/Socialist Movements and the Liberation Movements1315 Words   |  6 Pagesliberation movements. Throughout most of Asia and Afr ica the communist/socialist sphere of influence grew to amass approximately a third of the worlds population. Engulfing many nations on the cusp of their independence. The relationship between the communist/socialist movements and liberation movements was based on an acting factor that enabled the movement to succeed because of the communist/socialist influence over the factor. Communism is a socioeconomic movement that played major a role in severalRead MoreDecolonization Of The Economic And Political Relations Between The Colonies And Their Colonizers1710 Words   |  7 PagesDecolonization in this paper specifically refers to the dismantling of the economic and political relations between the colonies and their colonizers and in this sense the independence achieved by African, Asian, Island territories following the Second World War. When it comes to the process of decolonization there was no one set method. In some post World War II areas decolonization was peaceful and orderly, however for some other areas of the world independence was only achieved through violentRead MoreThe Process of Decolonization in Africa 1042 Words   |  5 PagesThe process of decolonization in Africa during the 1950’s through the 1970’s was a very smart yet risky idea. For some places independence was easily gained yet in other areas it was a battle. During the time periods where colonization existed, Africa was peaceful and kept things in order. People had control over their specific locations and there were no questions to be asked. Once it was decided to remove these rights, things got out of hand rather quickly. Violence was a main occurrence duringRead MoreThe United Nations Operation Of The Congo1388 Words   |  6 Pagescomplex, and most expensive UN peacekeeping mission during the Cold War† (â€Å"The UN’s First ‘Air Force’†). The ONUC was established on July 14, 1960 and ended in June 1964. The initial mandate by the Security Council called for â€Å"the withdrawal of Belgian forces from the Republic of the Congo,† however, quickly became the first peacemaking operation to use â€Å"all necessary measures† (â€Å"ONUC†). Decolonization and the height of the Cold War added to the complexity of the ONUC. The ONUC successfully haltedRead MoreThe New Imperialism During the 19 th Century Essay1046 Words   |  5 Pagescertain point in time – Britain, gradually came at ease with dropping its imperial rule over some colonies. Likewise, following gory and extensive battles, a parallel approach was taken by France. Nevertheless, the utmost spark to the 20th century decolonization was primarily spurred by Europe’s economic condition, the altercation of superiority thought by Europeans, as well as the worldwide expansion of nationalism. Europeans were most commonly at a higher technical advantage opposed to those they wereRead MoreWhat Were the Main Causes of British Decolonization After World War Two?1791 Words   |  7 Pages Before World War 2, Great Britain ruled over one-fourth of the world and had 700 million people under its rule outside of the UK. By 1965, there were only 5 million people under British rule outside of the United Kingdom. Today, the British Empire only consists of minute islands spread around the globe. Great Britain was on the winning side with both the United States and the Soviet Union, but it came out of World War 2 as a sick old man. Therefore, Great Britain’s empire began to crumble beneathRead MoreOverivew of Vietnam War1926 Words   |  8 PagesBetween the cessation of the Second World War and the onset of the 21st Century, the United States of America and the Soviet Union were embroiled in a geopolitical standoff known as the Cold War. In this international â€Å"game† of strategic maneuvers and incidents, both nations attempted to assert their influence over other states in what was essentially an ideological clash between democracy/capitalism and communism/socialism. Although the Cold War did not involve a full-scale, direct military confrontationRead MoreThe Role Of Modern Nationalism And The Middle East1639 Words   |  7 Pagesindependence in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, as well as the problems that plagued them since 1945, and how these different nations have solved them. I will be specifically concentrating on the nations of India, Algeria, and Iran. In the wake of World War Two, the power of Asian nationalism was irrepressible. Many new nations emerged all throughout this massive continent. Even though these various nations are different in many ways the way in which they came together hold true. Everywhere Asian nationalistsRead MoreDecolonization Efforts Of Twentieth Century Africa And The Middle East Essay1857 Words   |  8 PagesZachary O’Brien Professor Cody Aune WOH 1030 27 November 2016 Comparative Paper #2: Decolonization Efforts of Twentieth-Century Africa and the Middle East Abstract European colonizers fully expected their rules in the Middle East and Africa to extend for the rest of the twentieth-century; however, events leading up to World War II set off forces that helped to transition the Arab and African nationalist challenges to colonial rule and brought about the movement toward freedom presently and much

Deafness What It Is - 1083 Words

What is deafness? Deafness is very different to people’s general perception of what it actually is. The most common view is that it is a complete loss of hearing however deafness is defined as the lack or loss of the ability to hear. You can either be born deaf or gradually lose the ability to hear later on in life (Presbycusis). Pre natal or congenital causes of deafness may be due to a specific X chromosome being passed on through generations of families even though there may be no previous history of deafness in the family. Deafness at birth can also be caused by illness during pregnancy such as herpes, rubella or even toxoplasmosis. Causes of deafness include the birth of premature babies. This†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Mixed hearing loss- This is when there is a combination of SNHL and conductive hearing loss so the damage may occur in the outer/inner ear or the auditory nerve. As the source of the problem is unknown, this is known as mixed hearing loss. Facts about Deafness †¢ With approximately ten million people who suffer from hearing loss, it makes up the second largest disability in the UK. The majority being of retirement age or above. †¢ Out of the 10 million people (approx.) only around two million people use hearing aids. †¢ There are many different types of sign language for example, American Sign Language (ASL), British Sign Language (BSL), International Sign (IS) and many more. All have subtle differences in them. †¢ Approximately 840 children are born deaf in both ears each year. 90% of deaf children are born to hearing parents with little or no experience of deafness or knowledge of how to communicate with a deaf person. †¢ Most of the time tinnitus (the constant ringing sound in people heads) will accompany hearing loss which makes the effect of deafness even more frustrating. The tinnitus can be mild or severe depending on each person and their age. †¢ By 2031, it is estimated that there will be 14.5 million people with hearing loss in the UK. †¢ Approximately 360 million people

Characteristics of the Accounting Information Systems Free Essays

An accountant plays a vital role in any business; one can even say they are one of the most influential practitioners. For instance, accountants participant in generating rules and guidelines, advising day to day business activities, and even decision making. While the IT and IS communities are used frequently in many businesses, they are not the founders of the characteristics of useful information. We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics of the Accounting Information Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now The key reason behind this is due to the fact that accountants are the users of IS and IT communities. As being the primary users, one can expect the characteristics, rules, and guidelines for an information system to be designed by the accountants themselves. In a broader view, â€Å"accountants can assume three roles: designer, user, and auditor† (Gelinas, Dull 27). As a designer, the accountant can offer its knowledge of various principles (accounting principles and auditing principles), and various methods and techniques (information system and system development). In designing an accounting information system (AIS), the accountant can answer various questions that relate back to the seven characteristics of useful information systems. Some questions may include: â€Å"What will be recorded and how will transactions be recorded? When will the transaction be recorded and when will they be reported? What controls will be necessary to provide valid, accurate, and complete records? How much detail will reports need? † (Gelinas, Dull 27). If accountants did not design the AIS then these questions may be left unanswered without their expertise. Accountants perform many functions in an organization such as a â€Å"clerk, controller, treasurer, tax specialist, and financial analyst† (Gelinas, Dull 27). Therefore, it is necessary for them to use the AIS to perform their duties. As a user, it is imperative for the accountant to participant in the AIS process to make sure it contains the required features. In addition, knowing how to use the AIS technology would be very beneficial in working effectively and efficiently. For example, a financial analyst would need to know how to store the data and access it, and how to present the information. Finally, as an auditor, one of their main interests in the AIS is the reliability of the data. Without reliability, auditors cannot â€Å"provide an opinion on the effectiveness and efficiency on internal controls† (Brazel 38). Accountants will remain the main users and as a user, an auditor as well. With the seven characteristics in mind, could they have evolved from the past? With technology not being as easily accessible as in today’s accounting world, one can assume that information was not as relevant, reliable, timely, or accessible. In relation, modern technology is so efficient in today’s world; therefore the flow of information can be quickly exchanged at any time. For example, Internet has allowed companies to send reports across the globe at any given time. This ability gives accountants easy access to information and timely information. Without timely information, relevant and reliable information would be impossible. However, one possible disadvantage in today’s accounting world may be the relevance of the data. With such easy access to information, it can be more difficult to narrow down that information to its essence. Having too much information can make AIS more difficult to understand and increase uncertainty. Without being able to understand the AIS, an accountant cannot verify the same information. All these characteristics come hand in hand; if one characteristic fails then other characteristics will be affected. Although today’s accounting world has greatly shifted from the past, one cannot deny that the accounting community has always had a major impact in generating the characteristics of useful information. Older accounting communities created the building blocks of the characteristics. Technology merely enhanced the flow of information and efficiency. Accounts will remain the designer, user, and auditors of the AIS. Work Cited Brazel, Joseph. â€Å"How Do Financial Statement Auditors and IT Auditors Work Together? † The CPA Journal (2008): 38-41. Print. Gelinas, Ulric J. , Richard B. Dull, and Patrick R. Wheeler. â€Å"Chapter 1: Introduction to Accounting Information System. † Accounting Information Systems. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2012. 27-28. Print. How to cite Characteristics of the Accounting Information Systems, Essay examples

Marketing Innovation free essay sample

A brief literature Review Innovation is widely regarded as a vital source of competitive advantage in an increasingly changing environment. In today’s vibrant and ever changing competitive environment which is characterized by high degree of technological progress innovation capability is the most important determinant of firm performance. Although, technological innovations are important for developing new products and to maintain survival strength, yet they are not sufficient for turning any firm into dominant economic player in the market. According to a paper prepared from the Danish Centre for Studies in Research and Research Policy (2005), innovation has become more market driven and less Ramp;D driven following the market orientation of the firms nowadays. Innovation policy has taken on a broader scope, increasing emphasis on â€Å"non-technical† forms of innovation, market driven innovation, knowledge transfer and firm’s capacity to capture and utilize knowledge. The broad premise of this literature suggests that the ability to innovate is a â€Å"key mechanism for organizational growth and renewal†. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Innovation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In times of environmental turbulences such as during an economic crisis, the need for innovation has been recognized as imperative to survive, be it a technological or marketing. The ability to innovate in marketing has recently gained in prominence as one such dynamic competence that distinguishes firms which outperform their competitors. Most studies examining market orientation have investigated a direct relationship with performance. However, a few others have inferred innovation as a moderating variable between market orientation and performance. This paper extends this debate by suggesting that the link between marketing innovation and firm’s performance is mediated by the ability of the firm to develop and sustain a competitive advantage. Competitive advantage, for the purpose of this study, is defined as â€Å"a value creating strategy not simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential competitors† This literature review studies the basic aspects of marketing innovation within the framework of marketing orientation. 1. Market Orientation and Marketing Innovation: Motivation Levitt (1960) in his pioneering paper â€Å"Growth and Profits through Planned Marketing Innovation† studied the exploration and development of new arketing procedures by companies. He criticized the absence of any dedicated marketing inventions and development departments in the big companies which leads to the missed and exhausted opportunities. Further, most of the marketing innovations were unintentional, spontaneous or fortuitous. The problem stemmed from the fact that product innovation had completely overshadowed the marketing innovation leading to the situation where â€Å"distribution† becomes the bigges t problem for such companies. The main obstacles in giving increased importance to dedicated marketing innovation is the threat of its eventual overshadowing product innovation, lack of any backgrounds for carefully planned experimental and speculative activity in marketing innovation, difficulty in controlling the way product is sold in supermarkets or departmental stores. Additionally, the visible effect of marketing innovation has to be proved under highly unstable conditions of open market experiment, which is quite expensive, especially if the trial is honest and full-scale, even though limited to a few test areas. To overcome this sorry state of marketing innovation, he proposed various solutions such as, recognition by top-management that marketing innovation is an uncompromising aspect of sales and profits, setting up a marketing development task force, giving it a reasonably permissive environment and most importantly the dedicated personals who are energetic, bold, rational and nonconformist who have no corporate or strong personal ties to continue the present marketing schemes. . Significant Features Chen (2004) in â€Å"Marketing Innovation† provides the economic analyses of marketing innovation in a dynamic oligopoly model. This paper provides an economic analysis of marketing innovation. Variants of a dynamic oligopoly model are developed to study two forms of marketing innovation: which allows a firm to acquire consumer information effectively; and ; which reduces consumer transaction costs. The study concluded that within a duopoly market structure, an increase in competition intensity reduces the value of the marketing innovation to acquire consumer information but may increase the value of the marketing innovation to reduce consumer transaction cost . The innovation incentive is higher for a large firm than for a small firm if imitation is sufficiently difficult, and otherwise the opposite is true. Increased competition reduces the value of but may increase the value of. Relative to the social optimum, the private incentive is too high for but too low for . Human amp; Naude (2009) in â€Å"Relationship or Innovation orientation in B2B markets: Empirical results from an emerging market† considers the association of innovation orientation and relationship orientation with the firm performance in business-to-business (B2B) markets simultaneously and in particular examines the mediating effect of innovation on the relationship orientation-firm performance relationship. By employing published scales for innovation and relationship orientation, cross-sectional data were collected from 181 business-to-business managers in South African firms. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test for scale reliability and validity, while the hypothesized relationships between constructs were considered through structural equation modeling and partial least squares analysis. The results suggest that practitioners and researchers should pay attention to both orientations simultaneously, because jointly they are associated with better firm performance. This study demonstrates a significant positive relation between innovation orientation and performance, as well as between relationship orientation and performance. In addition, research showed the mediating effect of innovation orientation on the relationship between relationship orientation and firm performance. The results also suggest that higher levels of performance are possible for firms that achieve an increased integration of innovation and relationship orientation. Likewise, firms that score low on both these Abstract preview orientations perform worse. Therefore, the study suggests that business-to-business firms need both an innovation orientation, as well as a relationship orientation. By integrating these strategic orientations, firms may enhance their performance beyond what may be possible by adoption only one of the orientations. Peter et. al. in â€Å"Lessons learned about marketing in micro firms† develop an understanding of how micro firms handle their marketing. The guiding research questions are: Which are the marketing challenges micro firms encounter and how are they handled? Which principles guide the owner-managers of micro firms in their marketing efforts? The empirical study is based on ten case studies of micro firms which include repeated interviews with each of the owner-managers of the micro firms. The method of sampling is purposive with a clear intention to attain diversified and rich data from firms operating in various businesses. Data collection occurred in two phases: an explorative and a verification phase. The study concluded that the micro firms wrestle with the same types of challenges as do any other firm or organization. Moreover, common goals and purposes of marketing seem to be attained also by micro firms. However, one can notice some discrepancies in how marketing is handled in practice, as compared to existing marketing literature. The first lesson to be learned about marketing in micro firms is that activities that by tradition have not been related to marketing can in a micro firm setting have a considerable marketing impact. The results revealed that marketing in micro firms is about long-term, gradual development of a position on the market. This implies that the micro firm is characterized by organic growth, where the development of the firm occurs little by little in accordance to what the cash flow permits. This organic growth process is characterized by two distinct dimensions which we have chosen to label as â€Å"earning your position† and â€Å"being your brand†. Efi (2010) in â€Å"Marketing Innovation Measurement† studies the marketing innovation measurement; using established scorecards from Europe, US and Australia and also alternative approaches. Although, there are many differences between the analyzed approaches; some common points are proposed so as to indentify the new trends in innovation measurement in marketing field. The study concluded that the evolution of marketing could be described as a product lifecycle. After World War II marketing concept started replacing the prevalent selling concept (â€Å"hard sell†) with an outside-in perspective based on profits through customer satisfaction (â€Å"customer is king†). Consumers could afford to be more selective and enterprises, used to sell what they produced, should start selling what customer needs. Marketing concept dominated around 1950 and continued growing throughout the enterprises till its value started being questioned. Despite of its redefinitions, marketing innovation may not be able to keep its dominant position following the classical product lifecycle to the decline stage. During the last decades technological innovations have been recognized as an important driver of performance. Although, existing marketing concepts have been incorporated in the launch of these innovations, a considerable part of new product failures is contributed to the lack of a new marketing concept. In other words, technological innovations demand a corresponding change in marketing. Apart from the need to act as complimentary to traditional forms of innovation, marketing innovations have proved to be strong enough to enable especially SMEs to compete effectively larger enterprises. 3. Implementing Marketing Innovation Pang (2010) undertook study titled â€Å"Marketing Innovation Implementation† a case study of Chinese Pharmaceutical Company. The thesis focuses on the implementation process of marketing innovation. The thesis is built on a literature study on marketing innovation and a case study of a marketing innovation project in the Chinese pharmaceutical company Guizhou YiBai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd The data were being collected by interviews and questionnaires Due to the long distance, make on-site interviews could not be conducted so the interviews were being conducted through internet using SKYPE, MSN and e-mail. The studies summarize some useful elements for successful marketing innovation implementation. Some positive elements which are useful for the implementation of marketing innovation are paying attention to the neglected market, Segmenting markets, Information, Public relationship, Provide value to customer’s Combination of market factors, Marketing channels and technology. The study also reveals some negative elements and their effect in marketing innovation like cost, Uncertainty of market, information leakage, imitation and overdependence on experience. The found when implementing a marketing innovation project, companies should pay more attention to the external environment and that technology is an important element in marketing innovation 4. Chief Advantages of Marketing Innovation Lee et. al. , [2010] in â€Å"The influence of knowledge management and marketing innovation strategies on marketing performance† discussed the positive influence of knowledge management and marketing innovation strategies on marketing performance, taking the example of the biggest and the most representative Taiwan’s funeral service company – Lung Yen. The rise of customer self-consciousness has brought forth consciousness of autonomy which consists in people’s demand for quality and variety. In order to increase the enterprise’s competitiveness, it has become crucial to have knowledge management and market sensitivity to make business strategies that can help an enterprise cope with the ever-changing market environment, enhance its competitiveness, and provide help in examining internal organization coordination. In Management guru Peter Drucker view, only the customers truly understand the market; therefore, enterprises must carry out exhaustive market investigation and analysis to understand customer behavior by constantly asking them questions, and anticipate their possible future needs, going from a passive marketing approach to an active one. The importance of this aspect has gradually gained recognition in the corporate world. Acknowledge construction model composed of 7 procedures: create, identify, collect, adopt, organize, apply, and share. This knowledge management helps in adopting effecting marketing innovation. Authors contend that innovation is not equal to creativity but is the practical application of creativity, helping the organization to achieve its aims in a more efficient way. Drucker viewed that the term of innovation is basically non-technological in nature, and ought to belong to economic or social sciences; innovation should mean â€Å"change in the value and satisfaction obtained from resources by the customer†. It may also be said that only what is valuable for economy or society can be called innovation. In the framework of the study, two types of creation in marketing innovation strategy, namely, production innovation and marketing method innovation are proposed to explain the structure of marketing. The fact that knowledge management and marketing innovation strategy are both latent variables that cannot be measured by value means that research in this regard is subject to limitations, and author’s way of bypassing this problem consists of dividing these two variables into five explicit variables or sub-dimensions. Knowledge management† is divided into knowledge absorption, knowledge sharing, knowledge storage, and â€Å"marketing innovation strategy† into product innovation and marketing method innovation: the five sub-dimensions being used as the dimensions for measurement. The empirical results of the study show that knowledge management and marketing innovation strategy both have positive influence on marketing performance. Furthermore, the study uses sales growth rate as a measurement index, illustrating the possibility to change the way performance is measured, for example, by adding financial performance indexes (ROE or ROA). Naidoo [2010] in Journal for Industrial Marketing Management investigates the importance of marketing innovations for small and medium manufacturing enterprises (SMEs) in withstanding the challenges of operating under the current economic conditions where the global manufacturing sector is collapsing due to economic downturn. The case-study is done for Chinese SMEs. The need for innovation has been recognized to withstand the gales of creative destruction, more so, in times of environmental turbulences such as during an economic crisis. For cash-strapped manufacturers operating in the grips of the current economic crisis (often, but not always, SMEs), marketing innovation can present an attractive strategy (given its relative affordability) to attempt reversing the flow of declining sales. The logic of marketing innovation emphasis sales growth by shifting consumer demand from elastic to more inelastic market segments through the delivery of better value (actual or perceived) to the consumer. Further, Innovation is the mechanism for firms to ensure that strategic assets are hard to imitate by competitors and hence the marketing innovation capability of a small-to-medium manufacturer is positively related to its competitive advantage. This competitive advantage of a small-to-medium manufacturer is positively related to its survival. Three key findings are derived in the study. First, the examined Chinese manufacturing SMEs had a greater perceived likelihood of survival had they developed and sustained a competitive advantage. Second, marketing innovation assisted in developing and sustaining competitive advantages based on differentiation and cost leadership strategies. Third, marketing innovation capabilities improved when the examined manufacturing SMEs were competitor oriented and had good inter-functional capabilities. 5. Further Advantages and Future Studies Erdil et. al. , (2004), in their paper entitled â€Å"The relationships between market orientation, Firm innovativeness and innovation performance† addresses the issue of interrelationships between market orientation, firm innovativeness and innovation performance. Three dimensions of market orientation, namely a) collection and use of market information (), b) development of market –oriented strategy and c) implementation of market oriented strategy are measured. Factor analysis is used to validate the measures of market orientation, firm innovativeness and innovation performance. A correlation analysis is performed to determine whether market orientation is associated with firm innovativeness and innovation performance A survey was conducted in order to evaluate the propositions listed above. The data has been gathered by using structured questionnaire forms distributed to and collected from executive managers of a sample of industrial firms in the Marmara Region. The study utilized collection and use of market information, development of market-oriented strategy and implementation of market oriented-strategy scales of Gima (1995) with six, four and three questions respectively. Firm innovativeness was measured with four questions adopted from Hurt and Teigen (1977), Hollen-stein (1996). The data were analyzed by using SPSS 10. statistical program and factor analysis, reliability and correlation analyses were utilized in order to evaluate the relationships between the variables. The study finds that the Collection and use of market information () is positively correlated with the development of market-oriented strategy and the implementation of market-oriented strategy. Furthermore, development of market-oriented strategy is positively correlated with the implementation o f market-oriented strategy. Collection and use of market information () and the development of market-oriented strategy are correlated positively with the innovation performance. Implementation of market-oriented strategy is not correlated with the innovation performance. The analysis also indicates that firm innovativeness and innovation performance are correlated positively. Given the consistent interactions between the dimensions of market orientation and firm innovativeness and innovation performance, we would argue that efforts of firms to enhance the collection and use of market information and implementation of market oriented strategy is especially important to companies that want to gain competitive advantage. The findings suggest that market orientation can lead to firm innovativeness and increase innovation performance. Market orientation as a driver of organizational market information processing activity should be incorporated into conceptualizations of innovation process. Furthermore, findings indicate that firm innovativeness is related to innovation performance for the sample data. These findings support the predicted relationships between market orientation and innovation performance. The results suggest that a firm with a market – orientation is likely to improve its innovation capacity and performance. The three dimensions of market orientation, market intelligence generation, development of market oriented strategy and implementation of market oriented strategy are important for innovation performance. Garcia 2011 in his studies â€Å"The relevance of marketing in the success of innovations† focuses on marketing expenditures and their relation with Ramp;D investments and innovative sales. The analysis is based on the micro data from the third wave of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS 3) covering 18 European countries: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Estonia, Spain, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia. The period covered by this survey is 1998-2000. The research was carried out in the SAFE center at Eurostat in Luxembourg. The paper uses Community Innovation Survey data, the third wave (CIS 3) and set up a system of simultaneous equations like in Crepon et al. 1998). This paper finds empirical evidence that marketing expenditures explain a lot of the success of the innovation 0. 5 to 0. 7% (measured in terms of the elasticity of this effort to innovative sales), even more than the flow of investment in Ramp;D (which counts for 0. 3 %). The study reveals that the size of the coefficient for marketing doubles than those found for Ramp;D, a quite surprising result taking into consider ation the little importance that marketing has in innovation studies.